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https://hdl.handle.net/2440/128492
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Type: | Journal article |
Title: | The utility of grimace scales for practical pain assessment in laboratory animals |
Author: | Mota-Rojas, D. Olmos-Hernández, A. Verduzco-Mendoza, A. Hernández, E. Martínez-Burnes, J. Whittaker, A. |
Citation: | Animals, 2020; 10(10):1838-1-1838-17 |
Publisher: | MDPI |
Issue Date: | 2020 |
ISSN: | 2076-2615 2076-2615 |
Statement of Responsibility: | Daniel Mota-Rojas, Adriana Olmos-Hernández, Antonio Verduzco-Mendoza, Elein Hernández, Julio Martínez-Burnes, and Alexandra L. Whittaker |
Abstract: | Animals’ facial expressions are widely used as a readout for emotion. Scientific interest in the facial expressions of laboratory animals has centered primarily on negative experiences, such as pain, experienced as a result of scientific research procedures. Recent attempts to standardize evaluation of facial expressions associated with pain in laboratory animals has culminated in the development of “grimace scales”. The prevention or relief of pain in laboratory animals is a fundamental requirement for in vivo research to satisfy community expectations. However, to date it appears that the grimace scales have not seen widespread implementation as clinical pain assessment techniques in biomedical research. In this review, we discuss some of the barriers to implementation of the scales in clinical laboratory animal medicine, progress made in automation of collection, and suggest avenues for future research. |
Keywords: | Facial expressions; pain; grimace scales; mice; rat; rabbit |
Rights: | © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
DOI: | 10.3390/ani10101838 |
Grant ID: | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1140072 |
Published version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101838 |
Appears in Collections: | Animal and Veterinary Sciences publications Aurora harvest 8 |
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