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https://hdl.handle.net/2440/139667
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Type: | Journal article |
Title: | Iron-fortified foods are needed to meet the Estimated Average Requirement for iron in Australian infants 6-12 months |
Author: | Moumin, N.A. Grieger, J.A. Netting, M.J. Makrides, M. Green, T.J. |
Citation: | The Journal of Nutrition, 2023; 153(10):3101-3109 |
Publisher: | Oxford University Press (OUP) |
Issue Date: | 2023 |
ISSN: | 0022-3166 1541-6100 |
Statement of Responsibility: | Najma A. Moumin, Jessica A. Grieger, Merryn J. Netting, Maria Makrides, Tim J. Green |
Abstract: | Background: Meeting iron intake recommendations is challenging for infants 6–12 mo, especially breastfed infants. Three-quarters of Australian infants 6–12 mo have iron intakes below the estimated average requirement (7 mg), placing them at risk of iron deficiency. After 6 mo, breastmilk is no longer sufficient to meet the increased demand for iron, and iron-rich complementary foods are recommended. Ironfortified foods may be a means of improving iron intake in infants, particularly those that are breastfed. Objectives: The aims of the study were as follows: 1) to examine the effect of milk-type and fortified foods on iron intake and the prevalence of inadequacy in infants 6–12 mo; 2) to model the effect of fixed amounts of iron-fortified infant cereal (IFIC) at 6 levels of iron fortification on total iron intake and the prevalence of inadequacy; and 3) to assess the effect IFIC on the intake of other nutrients in the diet. Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional dietary intake data of infants 6–12 mo (n ¼ 286) participating in the Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) 2021. Results: Median (interquartile range) iron intake was 8.9 (7.5, 10.3); 6.3 (4.5, 8.2); and 2.7 (1.5, 4.4) mg/d in formula-fed, combinationfed, and breastfed infants, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of inadequacy was 19%, 67%, and 96%. Infants who consumed fortified foods had higher median iron intakes than those who did not, 6.2 compared with 1.9 mg/d. Dietary modeling showed that consuming 18 g (300 kJ) of IFIC, fortified at 35 mg/100 g dry weight, reduces the prevalence of inadequacy for iron from 75% to 5% for all infants. Conclusions: Iron intakes are low in Australian infants, especially for breastfed infants in the second half of infancy. Modeling shows that 300 kJ of IFIC, the current manufacturer-recommended serving, fortified at 35 mg/100 g dry weight, added to infant diets would be an effective means to reduce the prevalence of inadequacy for iron. |
Keywords: | Iron Infant Feeding Iron Fortified Infant Cereal Dietary Modeling Australia |
Description: | Available online 19 August 2023 |
Rights: | © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.018 |
Grant ID: | http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/2016756 http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1156518 |
Published version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.018 |
Appears in Collections: | Paediatrics publications |
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hdl_139667.pdf | Published version | 585.3 kB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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